Dark Spots & Hyperpigmentation

Understanding dark spots & hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation happens when melanocytes (the pigment-producing cells in your skin) over-produce melanin in response to UV, inflammation, or hormones. The three most common types are post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) from acne or eczema, sun spots, and melasma (hormonal).

Common causes

• UV exposure stimulating melanocytes (sun spots)
• Inflammation from acne, eczema, or picking (PIH)
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy or on the pill (melasma)
• Accumulated oxidative stress from pollution

Ingredients that help

• Vitamin C — inhibits tyrosinase, brightens overall tone
• Niacinamide — blocks the transfer of melanin to skin cells
• Alpha arbutin — gentle tyrosinase inhibitor safe for sensitive skin
• Retinol — speeds cell turnover to shed pigmented cells
• Tranexamic acid — often used in melasma-focused routines
• SPF 50 — prevents pigmentation from deepening

A routine framework that works

1. 1

   AM: Vitamin C serum

   A 10–15% L-Ascorbic Acid applied to clean skin provides antioxidant defense and gradual brightening.

2. 2

   AM: Broad-spectrum SPF 50

   Non-negotiable. Without daily sun protection, every other step is undone within hours.

3. 3

   PM: Targeted brightener

   Alpha arbutin, tranexamic acid, or azelaic acid applied to the affected areas.

4. 4

   PM: Retinol (2–3× per week)

   Gradually exfoliates pigmented cells. Pair with a rich moisturizer to prevent irritation.